The Board held that regardless of the name of the statute it is not a crime of violence unless an element of the crime is the use, attempted use or threatened use of violent physical force. The Board withdrew Matter of Martin, 23 I&N Dec. 491 (BIA 2002).
Thus a conviction for the crime of aggravated battery under the Puerto Rico Penal Code is not a crime of violence because it does not require the use of physical force.